Organisation and Management Critical Analysis - Free Essay Example

Contents Introduction Motivation Teamwork Conclusion Recommendations Reference listing Introduction Business and Culture students were given out a compulsory assignment that consisted of an oral presentation for thirty minutes with a group of five members. The concepts of the assignments were chosen by the tutor and were randomly distributed in the class. The concept our group received was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“China: The Case of Appleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , we were given a goal of investigating how international firms and cross-cultural management are affected in two different countries. Our group decided to investigate the obstacles, negatives and disadvantages of an international firm and cross-cultural management. Our group consisted of five members that have not worked together before as a team, we had a variety of members that studied different majors such as international business, finance, communication and psychology. This group work is marked as a group mark therefore; interaction, participation and co operation were key elements to this assignment. This critical analysis will defin e characteristics of teamwork, motivation and leadership theories by using the empirical group work experience as a case study and will interpret the obstacles and challenges that were faced while working as a team by using theoretical perception and perspectives to support the issue. Motivation Motivation is a force received internally or externally to a person or a group that arouses enthusiasm, persistence and positive energy to achieve a certain action, purpose or goal that one desires (Samson, Catley, Cathro Daft, 2012). Motivation rewards are intrinsic or extrinsic, intrinsic rewards are emotions and feelings of self efficacy and self satisfaction a person receives during a process of action, whilst extrinsic rewards are given by another person such as the pleasure of helping others resulted in a certificate of good will (Samson et al., 2012). According Porter, Bigley and Steers (2003), social cognitive theory (SCT) plays an important factor for motivation, SCT consists of basic human capabilities (1) symbolizing, (2) forethought, (3) vicarious learning, (4) self regulation and (5) self reflection. These basic human capabilities mobilizes the cognitive process and perceptions of achieving ones desires through self efficacy, dedication, reflection and individual beli ef are executed which produces enthusiasm, persistence and positive energy which contributions to work motivation (Porter, Bigley Steers, 2003). For example, when our group received the concept of our assignment, they showed little interest into what importance does the assignment played for the other members in the group or themselves. I felt concern as I major in another study, I have no background knowledge of what business in a specific or general content meant. In addition, our group communication and interaction in general was extremely poor. By applying Porters et al., (2003) SCT, I began to immediate symbolize the importance of this assignment for me as an individual before consulting others opinions of this assignment. After symbolizing the importance of this assignment I began to communicate with my peers as a group, to share the importance of this assignment as an individual to myself and to see the response I receive if they agree. The response from my group was positiv e, we all agreed on achieving this assignment, though we lacked the motivation to achieve a high grade for this simple assignment. Another member spoke out the importance of this assignment to them as an individual and that she needs to achieve A or A+ grade and wants the group to work as a team effectively and efficiently. Samson et al., (2012) the expression of oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s behavior may influence anotherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s behavior. This response from our group member made everyone alert, as a group if one member fails to contribute to the team it will negatively affect the groupsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ interaction and communication which may arouse conflict, distrust and social exclusion within the group. We slowly discussed with one another by encouraging the members that this assignment is achievable with a grade of A or A+ if we work together as a team effectively, our poor communication and interaction barriers slowly disappeared and the members began to express themselv es with concern and nervousness with oral presentations and fears of standing in front of people. Samson et al., (2012) states in order for people to be motivated there are necessary requirements that need to be met which are physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem and self actualization needs. Equal or fair treatment in a group also known as equity focuses on how individuals view themselves being treated compared with others in a group (Barrick Mount, 2013). Equity plays an important role of performance and self esteem for the members in a group; people evaluate equity by the input of contribution to the assignment, the distribution of task. For example, after discussing our concerns about the oral presentation we began to encourage and motivate one another by ensuring that our group can achieve this goal. We agreed on dividing the task equally and fairly but picking a number out of a box of one to five, everyone was given a chance to choose selectively what and how they want ed to contribute to the group. This raised the group morale as a team to work effectively and efficiently. Our group faced no obstacles in terms of group treatment and equity due to our encouraging members, the membersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ perceptions of one another gave themselves more self confidence in contributing and expressing themselves openly, rather than socially excluding themselves in group discussion by remaining silent. Equity can increase or decrease a person work efforts through encouragement and motivation, positive response and positive feedback reduces stress levels and raises self esteem and work effort, equity can also change their perception (Barrick Mount, 2013). Goal setting encourages people to achieve a single or multiple purposes within their reach through positive and informative feedback, goal settings allows people to set standards from themselves as an individual or as a group to achieve a certain action or to work towards to (Tabassi, Ramli, Hassan Baka r, 2011). Our group goal was to achieve a A or A+ grade mark as a group together, in order to achieve this we had to communicate and interact with one another to understand their perception and perspectives of this assignment and encourage them to contribute to the group. Our first group goal was speaking in front of a class, in order to achieve this goal, we occasionally had group meet ups and talked aloud in front of one another whilst everyone pays attention to the reader, taking turns the group members whom were nervous about the assignment slowly began to gain confidence and started to contribute more to the group and express themselves. We also divided the task equally and fairly one another, we ensure that everyone had similar to fair amounts of contributions requirement from each other and to help one another if they are in need. Teamwork Teams or group work are units of two or more people collaborating together on a common task, goal or purpose that is set to be achieved (Hoegl, 2005). A common identity and goal is formed as the members of the team perceive one another and themselves before constructing social roles within the group (Hoegl, 2005). There are two types of groups, small and large groups. Small groups are more informal and less structured, functions effectively without a designated leader, more cohesive and greater chance of individuals participating in the group work whilst, large groups are formal and rules are adopted to keep order, leader maintains order and performs efficiently, more skills and resources are needed, and more in group or cliques (Sohmen, 2013). My group consist of five people which is considered a small group, it less formal than a team and is less structured, there is a limited amount of resources and skills involved or required in a small group and there is no need for a designat ed leader. A healthy team consists of the following characteristics such as trust, healthy conflict, commitment, accountability and results orientation (Samson et al., 2012). As stated in the previous paragraph, our group slowly began to express themselves truthfully with each other, we gained each others trust and felt comfortable sharing our concerns, ideas and contributed to the group discussion. We experienced a healthy conflict during the process of organising the presentation in a power-point slide, some of the members power points slides conflicted and overlapped another members, though they were designated to do different task, they collected similar information which overlaps the presentation, therefore they resolved the problem by discussing the importance of the information for their task and removed and replaced any irrelevant similarities in the presentation. A dysfunctional team consists of lack of trust, fear of conflict, lack of commitment, avoidance of accountabilit y and inattention to results (Samson et al., 2012). My team did not face any dysfunctional characteristic throughout the process of making the presentation; however we did face obstacles of expressing and trusting one another in the beginning of the assignment. We did not all have one single goal of achieving and had different perceptions about the assignment which pose could have posed a serious situation if we did not slowly start communicating to one another and motivating each other. Conclusion In conclusions, Samson et al., (2012) motivation is an important factor that needs to be considered while working as a group or as a team. Motivation can encourage members of the team to produce productive results with encouraging feedbacks and support and can provide positive energy which raises the morale of the team to work in an efficient and effective manner. A team consists of two or more people with the same goals interacting with one another to achieve the desired outcome as well as accepting and recognizing the other as part of a team. (Sohmen, 2013). According to Sohmen (2013), group and team work characteristics differ from one another which can create difficult situations to adapt especially if the team characteristic is dysfunctional instead of effective. Sohmen (2013), argues that a dysfunctional team can gradually become an effective team through motivation and effective communication and interaction with one another. Recommendations For future recommendations, for a productive and efficient group work or team, always remain objective to the purpose of the team or group and interact, communicate with one another effectively to build relationships with one another with trust and commitment to establish equity and self esteem in one another. Encourage one another in difficult situations and be alert of those who socially and individually exclude themselves from the group work, encourage them to participate and show interest and recognize them as a member of a team rather than the social outcast. Reference listing Barrick, M., R., Mount, K., M. (2013). The theory of purposeful work behavior: The role of personality, higher-order goals, and job characteristic. The Academy of Management Reviews, 38(1), 132-153. doi:10.5465/amr.2010.0479 Hoegl, M. (2005). Smaller teams à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" better teamwork: How to keep project teams small. Business Horizons, 48(3), 209-214. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2004.10.013 Porter, W., L., Bigley, A., G., Steers M., R. (2003). Motivation and Work Behaviour (7th ed.). Retrieve from https://www.stajkovic.biz Samson, D., Catley, B., Cathro, V., Daft, L., R. (2012). Management in New Zealand. South Melboure, Australia: Cengage Learning Sohmen, S., V. (2013). Leadership and Teamwork: Two sides of the same coin. Journal of IT and Economic Development, 4(2), 1-18. Retrieved from https://www.gsmi-ijgb.com Tabassi, A., A., Ramli, M., Hassan, A., Bakar, A. (2011). Effects of training and motivation practices on teamwork and improvement and task efficiency: The case of construction firms. International Journal of Project Management, 30(2), 213-224. doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2011.05.009 1

Sample Essay on Legalizing Marijuana Globally

The International Opium Convention made marijuana, otherwise known as particular Indian hemp or hashish, illegal across the world in 1925. By January 2015, there were eight countries with liberal laws towards cannabis, including some US states, such as Alaska, Oregon, Colorado, and Washington. At the same time, Cuba, Greece, and a number of Asian states, including Indonesia, China, Japan, Philippines, Malaysia, UAE, Singapore, and Saudi Arabia were the strictest in the terms of legislation towards marijuana. While the world trends seem to strive to the liberation, every country has its own point of view on the usage of cannabis. Right now, Czech Republic, Canada, the Netherlands, Ecuador, Argentina, Jamaica, India, Spain, Uruguay and Mexico are those that remain the most supportive of marijuana decriminalization or even legalization. In fact, the marijuana-related legislation is not homogenous. It concerns such key aspects as possession, sale, transportation, and cultivation. The formal attitude towards each can be different across countries. The strictest rules apply to sale and transportation of the herb. Everything is legal in Uruguay and North Korea (according to some sources). In the Netherlands, possession in certain doses is legal, but sale, transportation, and cultivation have certain restrictions. For example, sale is allowed only in â€Å"coffee shops.† In India, everything marijuana-related is either legal or tolerated only in certain states, but is illegal on the federal level. In Germany, possession and manipulation of marijuana is illegal apart from institutions which operate in medicinal or scientific fields. Cambodia has decriminalized marijuana, but it is still considered illegal. Despite this fact, the use and distribution of the plant products is widespread. In Chile, only sale of cannabis is illegal, but transportation, possession, and cultivation are legalized in particular amounts. In Czech Republic, one of the most liberal countries in Europe, everything except sale is decriminalized, and even cultivation of up to 5 bushes for personal use is legally accept ed. Consumption of marijuana is legalized in many countries, especially in private locations. Legislation of some countries, such as Germany, treats consumption as self-harm, which cannot be considered crime on its own. The more widespread becomes so-called medical marijuana, which is used and distributed for medical purposes, for example, in the USA or in Germany. However, every country is interested in lowering the levels of cannabis consumption. In general, the experience of marijuana decriminalization shows that it does not mean higher levels of marijuana use. In fact, in countries like the Netherlands and the UK, the absence of criminal responsibility was rather correlated with the decrease of its consumption. The issue remains controversial on different levels — while some say it is harmful, others argue that the herb can be used in medicine; while some believe that legalization may cause the outburst in use, the statistics show the opposite trend. Nevertheless, there is a global trend which seems to be gradually leading to at least decriminalization of the plant. Czech Republic, the Netherlands, India, and Spain have already joined it —  we’ll see what happens to the status of marijuana in the future.

Underage Drinking At The United States - 916 Words

As an eighteen year old in America, you are able to sign housing contracts, join the military, marry a loved one, or even own a firearm but you cannot have a legal drink. We are allowing young American citizens to sign their life away to fight for our country yet if they are seen with a beer they will experience legal complications. Also, at the age of eighteen you are able to smoke and purchase cigarettes, why make drinking different? Underage drinking in America is inevitable. Bill H.R 734, Eliminating the Restrictions of Legal Drinking Age, proposes to eliminate having a legal drinking age in the United States. With having no drinking age in the United States it can help teens learn responsibilities of being an adult. People all around the world drink alcohol, both legally and illegally. There are many incidents of young Americans getting caught underage drinking every day. Allowing the drinking age to be eliminated can help teens learn responsibilities about drinking and affects alcohol can cause. Lowering the drinking age would help prevent crime and personal injuries that are caused by alcohol abuse. There would be a lot of benefits of having no drinking age. The amount of binge drinking would lessen, and the outrage to drink would also decrease. Liquor stores, bars, and clubs all want to make money and if they can get away with selling to underage teens, they will. According too Murry, Marquette Law Review, ‘’ It is estimated that â€Å"50% of underage high school andShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Underage Drinking On The United States874 Words   |  4 PagesThe abuse of alcohol among teenagers in the United States is universal and destructive. Teenagers believe drinking to be the cool that they must do to fit in with a crowd or become the popular one, when they do not realize all it brings is harm. 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Turmoil in Friendship-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignementhelp

Question: Write a fictional Short story on any topic. Answer: This story is about the end of friendship between the two boys, Alan and George, who were studying at the same university. From the very beginning, Alan and George had been very good friends. People used to admire their strength of bond and trust. Indeed, their friendship was a shining example of true friendship (Erwin, 2013). The girls desired to have strong friendships as theirs and the boys envied them. This unfortunate incident occurred when they were at the final semester of their university studies. Alan was pursuing higher education in Aerospace engineering at the university. While at the same university. George was doing masters in his favorite subject, Linguistics. Let us get back to ten years ago, when both Alan and George were four graders in their high school. Alan and George were admitted to the same city school at the age of three. However, they did not know each other until they were promoted to the same section in class four. Alans house is adjacent to the school. He used to commute to school from home and vice versa on foot. The journey took hardly five minutes. Whereas Georges house was located far from school in a different locality (Rawlins, 2017). Mrs. Hart, Georges mother, used to accompany little George to the bus stop and helped him board the school bus. Be careful George and listen to your teachers. Do not be disobedient yelled Mrs. Hart as the bus started to leave with little George waving joyously at his mother. At the time of school dispersal George rode back to school on the same assigned bus from school. Alan and George had separate group of friends with whom they used to spend time and play at school. Such was the scenario until they were in class four. In class four, the class teacher placed them at the same section and more importantly, they were instructed to sit as pairs in the same bench. On the first day, Alan greeted George, Hi, I am Alan. Nice to meet you. What is your name? George replied, My name is George. Nice to meet you too. In the first few weeks, they started to get to know each other. They both had the same hobbies and played the same sport, ice hockey. The two young children started to spend more time with each other even after school. They used to share their secrets and favorite things with each other. When once the teacher asked to the whole class, Stand up one by one and say your best friends name. George stood up and beamed with great joy, Alan is my only best friend. At the next turn, Alan stood up and said the same. People used to see them always together whether they were frolicking, sitting in the class, listening to the teachers instructions or even, while giving examinati ons. To others, they appeared to be conjoined at the hips. By the time they sat for the final examinations to class five, they had become inseparable. Eventually, Alan and Georges parents also became acquainted with each other. Alans parents were both computer engineers by profession. On the other hand, Georges father was an entrepreneur and his mother worked in Public Relations. Evidently, Alan and George shared the same upbringing style and class as they belonged to the same social strata of the society (Hammarn Johansson, 2014). The parents started to visit each other houses and their friendship deepened. Once at parents meet, Mrs. Hart exclaimed, Whenever I cant find George, I go to Alans and there he is! Listening to this, Alans mother laughed amusingly. This was a cause of great joy for the children as apart from the school hours; they got the opportunity to spend more time with each other, which was playful and amusing. In a span of three years, Georges family shifted to a spacious and cozy house near to the school. This particularly made George very happy. Next day he told Alan, Alan we are shifting next to yours. Then I c an walk with you to school. It will be so much fun. As both Alan and George progressed through their school term, their friendship also progressed and deepened more. When Georges family went for a vacation, they took Alan with them, with the consent of Alans parents. Similarly, when Alans parents went for an annual visit to their country house, they sometimes took George with them (Derlega, 2013).Even in most of the school excursion trips and ice hockey matches, the boys travelled together. In fact, their parents preferred that the children travel together so that in case of any mishaps, one can positively take care of each others comforts and pains. As a result, the boys grew up and discovered together, the beauty of adolescence, the transformation in their voice pitch, and the first traces of beard as a sign of masculinity, their first silly high school crushes, the academic pathways and ultimately their venture into adulthood. There were of course minor fights between the boys but those were nothing serious. Moreover, all cases of true friendships in the world had been witnesses of fights or quarrels at some point or the other. Most readers would agree with the notion that minor squabbles spices up the friendship. In fact, it can be said in this way that without rows, a friendship is incomplete because then it signifies that the friends are not true to each other. Similarly, in this story, notwithstanding the trivial quarrels, the central characters of Alan and George considered each other as the siblings, which they never had (Van der Graaff et al., 2014). Alan was an academically gifted student who had been winning numerous gifts and prizes from school. His friend, George was not as lucky as he was. He was a good student of course, but his academic talent was nowhere outstanding as that of Alan. Fortunately, this never created any rift between the two friends, until the university phase (Deutz, Lansu Cillessen, 2015). Who knew that this would be the ultimate cause of disagreement between the two friends? Alan was accepted into the prestigious department of Aerospace engineering at the university by securing a meritorious scholarship (Wang Chung, 2013).George was an exceptionally skilled ice hockey player. He got an opportunity to study in the same university through a sports scholarship. Resultantly, both Alan and George were highly delighted. Alan told his parents, Mom, Dad I want to take up hostel accommodation. I think it will be more feasible for me than to commute from home. George is also thinking about the same. What do you think? Alans parents replied affirmatively, Yeah, we have been thinking about it. It would be a good start at being independent, for both of you. Luckily, they got the same room to share. As their final university exams were about to begin, Alan applied to an eminent foreign university to do research study in his subject. Alans family was extremely excited at Alans bright prospects. George was also joyful at his beloved friends academic career. I know you will be surely selected Alan, simply because you deserve it, said George. Still George, I am a little bit tensed. I cant help it, said Alan. However, George assured Alan. Soon the term end exams started and got over in a month. Alan, as usual, was awaiting good results. George was also confident in finishing his university terms with excellence along with a good performance in sports (DeSCIOLI KURzBAN, 2012). The two families even flew off to the Bahamas for a short rejuvenating trip. After their return, the results were declared. As usual, Alan ranked among the top ten best students of the class and George obtained fair marks. George was declared as the most decorated player of the outgoing university ice hockey team. Everything was moving in the right direction. The future was looking astoundingly bright sans one point. Months went by but there was no news about Alans approval or rejection from the research university. Feeling disappointed and embittered, Alan contacted the unive rsity office and enquired about his application. Hello, I am Alan. I called to enquire about my application status. The person replied from the other end, I am looking at your application Mr. Alan. It clearly says that you have withdrawn your application papers with reason unspecified. You have sent a mail stating this, to the university as well. I think you had forgotten to recall it. This news stunned him and his family (Workum et al., 2013). Unexpectedly, Alans offer was rejected and the reason for his rejection was not his incapability to meet the standards of the university, but it was rather his own desire to do so. The withdrawal mail was then forwarded to Alan. The university officials were equally disappointed to let go of such an academically spirited student, as they believed Alan to have brightened the name of the already famed university. Unbelievably, Alan saw the dubious mail, sent from his mailbox, requesting the university to discard his application. Alans parents were very disheartened and they kept on asking Alan if he had known this, previously. Georges family was too surprised to hear this and they did not know what to make of this situation. However, George was nowhere to be seen. Alan wondered, Where did George go at this time unexpectedly? Apparently, Alan had been at a cousins place in another town and was about to come back in a month. Alan was downhearted that George was not by his side at his most unfortunate moment. He wanted his consolation and support. While Alans parents sensing some foul play, contacted the cyber crime department and informed them about their predicame nt (Saini, Rao Panda, 2012). After much investigation, the most startling news was revealed to all. The withdrawal email had been sent but Alan was not the sender. The actual sender had hacked the system of Alan to send the fabricated mail. Moreover, the sender was someone very special to Alan, someone who knew him by heart and had taken that advantage to belittle him. The sender was no one, but his most endearing friend, George. The brilliance, panache and academic distinction of Alan had blinded him with envy and spite. Still, no one could believe that George could even think of resorting to such underhandedness to pacify his concealed grudge. Nevertheless, it happened and it ruined the strong bond of friendship between Alan and George. The trust, honor and reliance can never be revived again Alan wept inconsolably and asked his mother How could George, of all, do this to me Mom? He was my best friend after all! To which Alans mother had no answer to pacify his son. She was helpl ess. The vengeful action committed by George draws our attention to the fact that even true friendship can also suffer a painful death and come to an end. It is very easy to break off a friendship; however, the same thing takes months or even years to form. References Derlega, V. J. (Ed.). (2013).Communication, intimacy, and close relationships. Elsevier. DeSCIOLI, P. E. T. E. R., KURzBAN, R. O. B. E. R. T. (2012). The company you keep: Friendship decisions from a functional perspective.Social judgment and decision making, 209-225. Deutz, M. H., Lansu, T. A., Cillessen, A. H. (2015). Children's observed interactions with best friends: Associations with friendship jealousy and satisfaction.Social Development,24(1), 39-56. Erwin, P. (2013).Friendship in childhood and adolescence. Routledge. Hammarn, N., Johansson, T. (2014). Homosociality: In between power and intimacy.Sage Open,4(1), 2158244013518057. Rawlins, W. (2017).Friendship matters. Routledge. Saini, H., Rao, Y. S., Panda, T. C. (2012). Cyber-crimes and their impacts: A review.International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications,2(2), 202-9. Van der Graaff, J., Branje, S., De Wied, M., Hawk, S., Van Lier, P., Meeus, W. (2014). Perspective taking and empathic concern in adolescence: Gender differences in developmental changes.Developmental psychology,50(3), 881. Wang, Q., Chung, Y. W. (Eds.). (2013).Encyclopedia of tribology(pp. 1926-1934). New York: Springer. Workum, N., Scholte, R. H., Cillessen, A. H., Lodder, G., Giletta, M. (2013). Selection, deselection, and socialization processes of happiness in adolescent friendship networks.Journal of Research on Adolescence,23(3), 563-573.